Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Lynnette Chan Do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Negatively Affect Memory? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressants prescribed to treat moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake. Compared to other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), SSRIs are more selective and have fewer side effects. In addition to affecting emotional moods, SSRIs can also affect food and sex related behaviors, resulting in side effects such as weight gain and reduced sexual drive (Mayo Clinic). However, recent studies indicate that serotonin also plays a â€Å"significant role in learning and memory† (Buhot, Martin, Segu 210). Given serotonin’s lack of specialized function, can SSRIs negatively affect memory function as a side effect? To answer this question, this paper will establish the association between SSRIs and serotonin levels, and then examine the relationship between SSRI use and impaired or improved memory. Since depression has been linked to a shortage of serotonin neurotransmissions, antidepressants should increase 5-HT levels. But in a comprehensive review on the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems of the hippocampus, R. Mongeau, P. Blier, and C. de Montigny found that successful SSRI treatments show both an increase and decrease of 5-HT neurotransmissions (178). This finding is unusual because SSRIs inhibit 5-HT reuptake to increase 5-HT levels and should not result in decreased 5-HT neurotransmissions. As decreased 5-HT levels do appear in successful treatments utilizing SSRIs, there must be additional factors involved in mood elevation within the serotonergic system. Regardless of the exact mechanism that allow SSRIs to treat depressive symptoms, SSRIs do increase and decrease 5-HT neurotransmissions in the brain. While the exact mechanism of how 5-HT levels affect mood remains unclear, SSRI use and changes in 5-HT levels have been linked to memory impairment. In a study investigating the role of serotonin in memory impairment, Marie-Christine Buhot, Stephanie Martin, and Louis Segu found that serotonergic activity in the brain affects memory and learning differently depending on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor subtypes. This study found that stimulation of the 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor subtypes, or inhibition of the 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 or 5-HT1B receptor subtypes improved memory and learning in high-cognitive activities (210). 5-HT receptor subtypes are differentiated by their relative distributions in the brain and their cellular locations, differentiations that explain the various effects of 5-HT receptor subtypes. For example, the 5-HT1A receptor subtype is largely concentrated in the hippocampus and interacts with the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic syste ms (Buhot, Martin, Segu 214). As a result, stimulating 5-HT1A receptors impairs memory. The Buhot study confirms that serotonin affects memory function and is dependent on the stimulation or inhibition of different 5-HT receptor types or subtypes. The Buhot study examined the neurotransmitter mechanisms of serotonin and memory, but it did not examine the effect of specific SSRI antidepressants on memory. In a study on the effect of short-term use of SSRIs on cognitive brain function, Jeroen A. J. Schmitt, Monique J. Kruzinga, and Wim J. Riedel found that the positive and negative effects SSRIs have on memory is caused by interactions with external neurotransmitter systems. The study conducted tests with sertraline and paroxetine, the two â€Å"most potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake† available at the time of the study (Schmitt, Kruzinga, Riedel 173). They found that paroxetine contributed to long-term memory impairment, an effect attributed to paroxetine’s additional anticholinergic properties. On the other hand, sertraline only slightly improved verbal fluency, an effect attributed to sertraline’s additional dopaminergic effects. Although this study agrees with the Buhot study that additional neurot ransmitter interactions in serotonergic pathways contribute or prevent memory impairment, the Buhot study attributes memory functions to serotonin while the Schmitt study does not. Both the Buhot and Schmitt studies argue that SSRIs influence memory, but the two studies disagree on the mechanism that causes memory improvement and impairment. In a study examining the short-term use of the SSRI citalopram and the SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) reboxetine and their effect emotional memory and perception, Catherine J. Harmer, Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin found that both citalopram and reboxetine decreased the memory and perception of negative emotions in comparison to positive emotion. Additionally, citalopram use lowered startle responses to displays of negative emotion. Unlike the Buhot and Schmitt study, this study claims that SSRI’s side effect on emotional memory and perception is actually the mechanism that makes SSRIs effective antidepressants. Perhaps SSRIs help strengthen memories of positive emotions with increased 5-HT concentrations and weaken memories of negative emotions with decreased 5-HT concen trations at different 5-HT receptor subtypes to contribute to mood elevation and regulation. SSRIs have a recognized role in memory and learning. The Buhot study argues that memory can be strengthened or weakened depending on the inhibition or stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes, characterized by location and neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, the Schmitt study argues that SSRIs effect on memory is not caused by 5-HT levels, but by the additional effects of other neurotransmitter systems. In contrast, the Harmer study argues that the strengthening and weakening of emotional memory and perception contributes to the antidepressant properties of SSRIs. In conclusion, SSRIs can both impair and improve memory, depending on the SSRI type and their interactions with 5-HT receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter pathways. SSRIs have been confirmed to affect memory and cognitive function, but further research is required to determine the exact mechanism of how different SSRIs affect neurotransmitters and mood. Research can explore the degree of memory impairment caused by SSRIs, and examine the neurotransmitter systems that interact most with the serotonergic system to better define neurotransmitter function. Future research can also focus on developing new antidepressants by exploring the neurotransmission systems that interact with SSRIs. Hopefully, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of memory and the role of neurotransmitters can also provide better insight on neurodegenerative disorders that affect memory, such as Alzheimers disease. Works Cited Buhot, Marie-Christine, Stà ©phanie Martin, and Louis Segu. Role of Serotonin in Memory Impairment. Annals of Medicine 32.3 (2000): 210-21. Informa Healthcare. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07853890008998828>. Harmer, Catherine J., Nicholas C. Shelley, Philip J. Cowen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Increased Positive Versus Negative Affective Perception and Memory in Healthy Volunteers Following Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry 161.7 (2004): 1256-263. American Journal of Psychiatry. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256>. Mayo Clinic. Depression (major Depressive Disorder). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). January 1, 2015. Accessed March 18, 2015. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825. Mongeau, R., P. Blier, and C. De Montigny. The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Systems of the Hippocampus: Their Interactions and the Effects of Antidepressant Treatments. Brain Research Reviews 23.3 (1997): 145-95. Science Direct. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017396000173>. Schmitt, Jeroen A. J., Monique J. Kruizinga, and Wim J. Riedel. Non-serotonergic Pharmacological Profiles and Associated Cognitive Effects of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15.3 (2001): 173-79. Sage Journals. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. http://jop.sagepub.com/content/15/3/173.short>.

Contrasting Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins Story of an Hour :: comparison compare contrast essays

Contrasting Silko's Yellow Woman and Chopin's Story of an Hour On the surface, the protagonists of Silko's "Yellow Woman" and Chopin's "Story of an Hour" seem to have little in common. Yet upon closer inspection, both stories relate tales of women who are repressed by the social tenets that define their roles as wives. From the viewpoint of Western society, the narrator of "Yellow Woman" might be considered immoral for her willing sexual encounter with a stranger. However, the stories related by her grandfather of the Yellow Woman demonstrate within her culture a more accepting attitude of her brief interlude: "Yellow Woman went away with the spirit from the north and lived with him and his relatives. She was gone a long time, but then one day she came back and brought twin boys."(188) Her grandfather certainly liked telling the stories and seems to have admired the Yellow Woman on some level. Other societies do not share the Western idea of moral sexual behavior. The Egyptian ruling class, for example, sometimes married brother to sister, and other cultures have incorporated fertility rites into their belief systems. Even within our own society, marriages to cousins, which are considered wrong today, were not uncommon in past centuries. Given that her attitude regarding sex and marriage might diff er from the Western norm, the central conflict of the story seems to be the narrator's desire for freedom to choose her own destiny versus her more Westernized view of her role as wife and mother, a role that is traditionally subservient to the husband in Western society. There is the sense that she finds her daily life dull, though perhaps not unhappy, and when a chance encounter turned sexual, she again takes on a subservient role to a male. Her inability to make sense of her conflicting feelings causes her to appear weak and lacking in character and portrays her in a negative light. By contrast, Louise Mallard, the protagonist in Chopin's "Story of an Hour", is a moral woman and loving wife, at least by Western standards. Her life is defined by the accepted social ideal of a husband's will as final. She is so inured to this concept that only upon hearing the news of his death does her true feeling of something "too subtle and elusive to name" (199) come forth. What she acknowledges to herself is that her marriage is not happy for her and she often resents her subservient role and "a kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime".

Pci, Case Study, Mia Case Study

INTRODUCTION The issue started on February 2008 when the new appointed Managing Director of PCI Sdn Bhd, En Ghani reviewed 2007 Financial Report and found out there were recent increases in costs of goods sold and inventories. The rate of increase in costs of goods sold had been disproportionate with growth of sales. En Ghani was informed that one of the reasons for the increase in cost was because of the current purchasing system that contributes to redundant purchasing and high inventory holding costs.Siti Aminah, the Chief of Financial Officer was asked to review the current purchasing system and suggested the need to implement a new computerized purchasing system that would help relieve some of its manual operations and at the same time would ensure it has the proper controls in place. En Ghani requested a formal report on current purchasing system and suggestion for a new system before the next management meeting which would be in two weeks time. En Ghani assigned Siti Aminah on the special task instead of the senior Chief Production Officer and she did not have any experience in system and technology.The new system must be able to reduce costs, enhance control and provide easy management of users and services in qualitative and quantitative ways. CHARACTERS En Ghani : as the new appointed Managing Director of Penda Cable Industry Berhad, who reviewed past year Financial Report and asked for formal report from Siti Aminah. Siti Aminah : the Chief of Financial Officer that being asked to make formal report instead of the Senior Chief of Financial Officer. CURRENT PURCHASING SYSTEM IN PCIPurpose : to ensure the purchase of raw material (exclude external Aluminium cable scap) that was required for the manufacturing of cable, conductors and associated products. 1) Monthly Raw Material Summary Cik Lim General Manager of Material Resources and Planning En Razi Assistant Purchasing Manager (MRMS) Review 1st week of Forecasted Monthly Every month Material Requirem ent En Sam General Manager Purchasing (MMR)MRMS Planning Section En Razi 2) Cik Anne Purchasing Clerk >RM100 000 En Ghani Filing En Min Raw Material Storekeeper

APA Term Paper

APA Term Paper APA is short for American Psychological Association; an organization, which has elaborated a set of referencing rules for different fields of study, e.g. education, business, various social studies and, naturally, psychology. Hence an APA term paper means that this particular piece of writing is to be formatted and referenced in full accordance to the specifications, set by American Psychological Association. What Is an APA Term Paper? APA is short for American Psychological Association; an organization, which has elaborated a set of referencing rules for different fields of study, e.g. education, business, various social studies and, naturally, psychology. Hence an APA term paper means that this particular piece of writing is to be formatted and referenced in full accordance with the specifications, set by American Psychological Association. The entire set of rules as to writing APA Term Paper as well as other research papers (see research paper) can be found in the 6th edition of the APA manual, covering all steps in the process of writing, including such issues as general formatting, in-text referencing, footnotes and/or endnotes, bibliography page etc. APA Format APA language and formatting standard requires certain assignment types to be written in accordance with the APA rules. These assignments are related to social and behavioral sciences and include the following assignment types: term papers and research papers, empirical studies and literature reviews, case studies, theoretical and methodological articles. APA Structure Consequently, we can see that if we are to write a term paper, it has to be written according to the APA standards. APA research paper doesn’t only need to be formatted according to APA rules; it has to be written according to the structure that APA prescribes. TERM PAPER FORMAT As shown in the diagram above, the structural components of an APA term paper are:  title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, and appendices. Basically, each section of the APA term paper should pursue its own logic, for example: Title page is meant to present some basic information about the paper, including title, author, and institution; The abstract section provides an extremely short synopsis of your paper; it only describes the core of your APA term paper. Usually, it takes from one to two paragraphs in length (no more than two); The introduction is meant to provide a gist of the paper to your reader, he or she should be able to understand the essence of your research without actually having to go into it and read it from cover to cover. The introduction must be longer is size than that abstract part; Methods tell your reader what methods of research and data analysis are going to be used in your paper. The research you have conducted has to be completely replicable, and other scholars should be able to verify your results by utilizing the same research methods as you used. Results section presents your reader with the results of your research. Often students get so carried away enumerating their results, that they don’t pay enough attention to the important bits of their research. The discussion is supposed to relate your findings to the methodology section and explain how your results correlate with your methodology. You discussion part can either include the conclusion or have it as another part of the discussion section. References section should reflect all sources of information you have used to complete your research paper. They are organized alphabetically according to APA specifications. Requirements for an APA Term Paper Generally speaking, a term paper written in accordance to APA specifications meets the following requirements: 1. Typed on a standard sheet of paper (8.5† by 11†) 2. Double spaced, Serif font face (typically Times New Roman, 12 pt) 3. Has 1† margins on each side 4. Contain page numbers (upper right-hand corner of each page) 5. Have a running head (must include a 1-2 word version of the term paper title). The page number and the running head are to be separated by a 5-spaced interval 6. Abstract (a 75-100 word description of your essay, summing up its main points and clearly stating the main idea of the essay. The abstract section should immediately follow the title page, the very word Abstract should be centered, and paragraph should follow) 7. Headings (they are not absolutely necessary, but preferable. When putting together a heading dont forget to capitalize every letter of it, with the exception of articles, short prepositions, and conjunctions) 8. Visuals (visuals should be as simple as possible, having a clear label, followed by an Arabic numeral; and include the title of the visual. The label and its title should be positioned on separate lines above the table. Below the table the source is required) HOW TO WRITE A TERM PAPER In case you a looking for a quality APA term paper, our professional writers are always ready to render you academic assistance. APA term paper writing is one of the key services our service provide. We have completed thousands of term papers and know what it takes to write them effectively. Our team of writers is capable of carrying out top-notch research according to the recommendations of the APA organization. Feel free to contact our support staff, who are available 24/7, ready to help you with any kind of writing assignment or place an order and get your professionally written term paper on time. General pricing plan for term paper writing is as follows (prices are in US dollars, cost per page): #get_view(blocks/prices2.php)

Electroplating works Essays

Electroplating works Essays Electroplating works Paper Electroplating works Paper This research was found from a website that gave the process of electroplating and how it works.  It basically explains what electroplating is and what its function is in the process of electroplating. A section from this website gives detail parts of how electroplating works:  Electroplating is the deposition of a metallic coating onto an object by putting a negative charge onto the object and immersing it into a solution, which contains a salt of the metal to be deposited. The metallic ions of the salt carry a positive charge and are attracted to the part with a negative charge. When they reach it, the negatively charged part provides the electrons to reduce the positively charged ions to metallic form This research explains how electroplating works on a small scale and how it does its job of coating the component with a layer of metal.  Below is the description of how electrolysis works. This process is identical to the electroplating but the electrolysis process is in a small scale, as shown below in the diagram  The information below gives a brief description of electroplating nickel from start to finish. Imagine that we have an object that is made of copper or steel, and that it has been properly cleaned, and that we now want to plate it with nickel. A wire is attached to the object, and the other end of the wire is attached to the negative pole of a battery (the wire is blue in this picture). To the positive pole of the battery we connect the red wire; the other end of the red wire we connect to a rod made of nickel. Now we fill the cell with a solution of a salt of the metal to be plated. It is theoretically possible to use a molten salt, and in rare cases that are done, but most of the time the salt is simply dissolved in water. The NiCl2 ionises in water to Ni++ and two parts of Cl-, because the object to be plated is negatively charged, it attracts the positively charged Ni++. The Ni++ reaches the object, and electrons flow from the object to the Ni++. For each atom of Ni++, 2 electrons are required to neutralize it or reduce it to metallic form. This information explains how nickel is plated onto a raw component. It describes how the raw component that is being electroplated is attached to the cathode (negative part) in the circuit. The anode is just the positive part in the circuit and is not attached to anything apart from the solution  After the attachment of the component there is a salt of nickel chloride NiCl2 in the solution. This will dissolve to form ions, Ni++ and Cl-. The nickel ions will be attracted to the cathode, which has the raw component e.q. steel, thus coating the metal on the cathode part with nickel. The chloride ions will then be attracted to the positive part, anode and therefore the process is complete. The reason that nickel is attracted to the raw component is because the cathode, containing the raw component has a negative charge and the nickel has a positive charge and therefore opposite attract.  Section 3, analysis of information and conclusions  Research piece 2, secondary information  This research describes how electroplating works and what types of electroplates are available. Electroplating is the electrochemical process of depositing a metallic coating on the base material of an object when it is immersed in a plating solution in such a manner that a suitable low voltage electric current flows through it, causing the metallic coating to be attracted to the object to be plated. Electroplated finishes, including:  Chrome plating, Copper plating, Nickel plating, Sliver plating, Zinc plating brass plating, cadmium plating, chromium plating, hard chromium plating, gold plating, tin plating and zinc plating. The description of electroplating is the same as the research in research 1, but this research has the types of coating available.  Research piece 3, secondary information  This research was obtained from a website that gave relevant information on what a metal finish and what electroplating is.  WHAT IS METAL FINISHING?  Metal finishing is the process of changing the surface of an object; for the purpose of improving its appearance and/or durability. A metal finish is the altering or changing of the surface by a process, to improve the appearance and the resistance of the metal.  ELECTROPLATING  Electroplating is an electrochemical process used to deposit a metallic coating on the base material of an object by immersing it in an electrically charged solution so that a suitable low voltage electric current flows through it, causing the metallic coating to be attracted to the object being plated. Electroplating is a process to coat a raw component with a layer of metal to protect it from corrosion and other factors. It also helps to improve the appearance and function of the raw component.  Question 1, Primary information  This information was obtained from an interview, which took place at the electroplating company by the manger or head employee.  This information gives the relevance of electroplating and how it does it function. The information describes the technique used to coat the raw component with the metal. The process of electroplating is similar to that of electrolysis. The electroplating process involves raw components being coated with a layer of metal so that it can give it a protective and decorative finish depending on what raw material is being used. For example electroplating a steel component with chrome to give it a decorative finish rather than protective finish.  From this research the raw component used to electroplate is usually steel. What this shows is that steel need to be protected from factors such as corrosion by being electroplated, so this means that electroplating steel will be beneficial because it protects it from factors. Section 3, analysis of information and conclusions  Research piece 4, primary information  This is a photograph of the electroplated produced. It has been electroplated with zinc. The raw component used was steel. The reason this material has been electroplated with zinc is because it is highly resistant to corrosion and protects it from damage. The effectiveness of the coating of this raw component is to protect it from corrosion. It does this by forming a layer of metal, which is highly resistance that does not let the inner metal be exposed to factors.  The quality control that is kept to insure this product has no faults is a member of staff that checks the items once they have been electroplated. If there is a fault in the electroplated product it will have to go thought the whole process of electroplating from start to finish again so that all faults are whipped out. The quality assurance of the electroplated products to the user is that it will be made to high standards to insure that quality control has been kept throughout the whole of its process and there have been no faults.  The input of this process is the raw materials, raw component the solutions etc. The process of the electroplated product is being electroplated under conditions that are quality controlled and the output is the quality assured product. Research piece 5, primary information  This is another photograph of an electroplated pr duct that has been electroplated with black zinc on a steel component. The effectiveness of this is to keep it protected from major facts such as rust, corrosion. This is because it may be used for purposes that may have factors that can damage the inner metal so thus it is coated in a better metal. The quality control over this product is to keep it fault free. It does this by checking each electroplated product to insure it is not damages in anyway. Once it has been approved that it is fault free it is quality assured and the products then sold or given back to the company that asked for it to be electroplated.  The input is the raw material, raw component, and solutions of zinc. The process is to coat the raw component with a layer of metal to protect it from major factors like corrosion. The output is the electroplated product with no faults.

Law Related to hospitality American Disablity Act Essay

Law Related to hospitality American Disablity Act - Essay Example The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) keenly describes the term disability, states those safeguarded by such laws and clearly prohibits discrimination based on disability in areas we shall discuss. ADA describes individuals with disability as those who have physical or mental deficiency that limit there performance in life (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Alternatively it is described as anyone who has some history on such impairment or that perceived by members of the society to have such an impairment (A Guide to Disability Rights Law). ADA Title I addresses employment of persons with disabilities. Employers are supposed to extend equal opportunities to qualified candidates regardless of the physical or mental state. Employers with more than fifteen employees have to observe this law while recruiting, hiring, training, promoting, paying and while extending any other benefits and privileges in the course of employment (Goren). Events of violation of such rights sh ould be filed with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity commission (EEOC) that issues a â€Å"right-to –sue† letter. ADA Title II addresses the benefits entitled to persons with disabilities from the State and Local governments (Goren). Benefits such as those derived from the programs, activities and services of these offices should be available to the less-abled persons. These people should not be discriminated, and special programs should be empowered to lead a self-reliant life in the society. Violations should be reported to the department of Justice with a period that does not exceed 180 days. ADA Title II also addresses public transport of individuals with disabilities. They should not be discriminated, and the public service automobiles should be designed in a manner that cater for such people while Para-transit for sake of such people is highly encouraged. ADA Title III covers public accommodation where such services should be extended in a

Urban Land use Issues and Concepts within London Essay

Urban Land use Issues and Concepts within London - Essay Example rch has been conducted for the urban sustainability of London, the twenty four hour city, to know the positive and negative impacts of the densification and diverse activity resulting from land uses for residents, businesses and reactions of the people over mixed use and increased development activity. Case study results of conceptual and empirical model were attempted by VIVA 2020 IN Clerkenwell, situated on the city fringe of London, a typical urban village. Survey results of a comparative study between central Sheffield where new apartments and mixed-use construction is going on and Manchester, making a secondary analysis of residential survey, besides other stakeholders including local authority planners (policy and development control), conservation and economic development & regeneration officers, local estate agents, developers and design firms to evaluate the quality of life realized and criteria that impacted decision making by the stakeholders (Viva 2020, 2010). As per the findings of the case study comparison between central Sheffield and Manchester, the social and economic uses can remain there to the limit of mixed-use at building, street and neighbourhood level. Some functions were deemed spatially different to be within walking distances like housing and nearby functions. Housing above the retailing at the level floor and entertainment was found practically discernible if rest of the issues could be looked after well by design quality and management (Viva 2020, 2010). Major issues faced were related to environment – litter/waste, noise, anti-social behaviour. Criminal activity was found related and associated with cafà © and street culture near to residential areas and outsiders’ access to street and, but fringes of streets with poor security. Residents made choices between a lack of balcony space and reduced car use and trade-off it with public transport. Facilities like local shops, green area and play fields were prime quality of life